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狀語從句如何翻譯
狀語從句內(nèi)容豐富，涉及面廣，可以用來表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、目的、結(jié)果、等意義，那么狀語從句如何翻譯呢?以下是小編整理的狀語從句如何翻譯，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
一、時(shí)間狀語從句
在英語中，時(shí)間狀語從句的連接詞常常有：when(當(dāng)...的時(shí)候)，whenever(每當(dāng)...)，as(當(dāng)...時(shí))， since(自從...)，until(直到...，如果不....)，till(直到...)，before(在...前)，after(在...后)，as soon as(一...就)，once(一旦...)，the moment(一...就)，immediately(一...就)，the day(在...那天)，no sooner... than(一...就)，hardly(scarcely)... when(一...就)，the instant(一...就)，instantly(一...就)，directly(一...就)，the minute(一...就)，the second(一...就)，every time(每當(dāng)...)，by the time(等到....的時(shí)候)等。翻譯的時(shí)候，一般翻譯在主句的前面。
(一)譯成相應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語
While she spoke, the tears were running down.
她說話時(shí)，淚水直流。
As he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.
他結(jié)束講話的時(shí)候，聽眾掌聲雷動(dòng)。
(二)譯成“一(剛、每)...就”的結(jié)構(gòu)
Directly he uttered these words there was a dead silence.
他剛說出這些話，大家就沉默下來。
(三)譯成條件句
由于時(shí)間狀語的引導(dǎo)詞除了顯示時(shí)間關(guān)系之外，有時(shí)候可以表示條件關(guān)系，
所以還可以翻譯為條件句。
Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.
如果機(jī)器發(fā)生故障，就把電門關(guān)上。
A body at rest will not move till a force is exerted on it.
若無外力的作用，靜止的物體不會(huì)移動(dòng)。
二、原因狀語從句
英語中，原因狀語從句的連接詞常常是：because(因?yàn)?，since(既然，由于)，as(因?yàn)?，now that(既然)，seeing that(既然)，considering that(考慮到，因?yàn)?，in that(在某方面)，in view of the fact that(鑒于)。在翻譯的時(shí)候，大多數(shù)原因狀語從句可以放在主句之前翻譯。
(一)譯成表示“原因”的分句，放在主句之前翻譯，顯示“前因后果”的關(guān)系。
The crops failed because the season was dry.
因?yàn)闅夂蚋珊�，作物歉收�?/p>
(二)原因狀語從句在漢語中的位置，常常是“前因后果”。然而，英語則比較靈活，狀語從句可以在主句前，也可以在主句后面。所以在翻譯為漢語譯文時(shí)，也有放在后面的。如果把原因狀語從句放在主句后面翻譯的話，有時(shí)候可以用漢語的“之所以...是因?yàn)椤钡慕Y(jié)構(gòu)來連接。
A gas differs from solid in that it has no definite shape.
氣體不同于固體是因?yàn)?就在于)它沒有固定的形狀。
He will get promoted, for he has done good work.
他將得到提升，因?yàn)樗ぷ鞲傻煤谩?/p>
Theory is valuable because it can provide a direction for practice.
理論之所以有價(jià)值，是因?yàn)樗芙o實(shí)踐指出方向。
(三)not...because的結(jié)構(gòu)
在翻譯由because引導(dǎo)的具有否定意義的原因狀語從句時(shí)，尤其要注意否定意義的表達(dá)一定要確切。not與because發(fā)生 關(guān)系，常常要翻譯成“并不是因?yàn)?..”。
The machine did not move because the fuel was used up.
機(jī)器停了下來，并不是因?yàn)槿剂虾谋M了。
三、條件狀語從句
英語中連接條件狀語從句的連接詞常常有：if(如果)，unless(除非，如果不)，providing that(假如)，so long as(只要)，on condition that(條件是)，suppose that(假如)，in case(如果)，only if(只要)，if only(但愿，要是...就好了)等。條件狀語從句在翻譯的時(shí)候，可以翻譯在主句之前，也可以翻譯在主句后面，有時(shí)候，還可以根據(jù)上下文省略連接詞。
(一)翻譯在主句前面。
It was better in case they were captured.
要是把他們捉到了，那就更好了。
If you tell me about it, then I shall be able to decide.
假如你把一切都告訴我，那么我就能夠作出決定。
(二)翻譯在主句后面，用來補(bǔ)充說明條件。
“如果”、“要是”、“假如”等都是漢語中用來表示“假設(shè)”的常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞。漢語中表示“假設(shè)”的分句一般前置，但作為補(bǔ)充說明情況的分句則往往后置。
You can drive tonight if you are ready.
你今晚就可以出車，如果你愿意的話。
No doubt I could earned something if I had really meant to.
毫無疑問，我本來是可以賺到一點(diǎn)的，如果我真有那樣打算的話。
四、讓步狀語從句
英語中，表示讓步關(guān)系的連接詞常常有：though(雖然)，although(雖然)，even if(即使)，as(盡管)，while(盡管)，whatever(無論什么)，wherever(無論哪里)，whoever(無論誰)，however(無論怎樣)，no matter(不論，不管)，for all that(盡管)，granted that(即使)，in spite of that fact that(盡管)，despite the fact that(不管)等等。翻譯的時(shí)候，通常把這些讓步狀語從句翻譯在主句前面。
No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong.
不管我說什么，也不管我怎么說，他說是認(rèn)為我錯(cuò)了。
While we can not see the air, we can feel it.
我們雖然看不見空氣，但卻能感覺到它。
Granted that you don’t like the proposal, you shouldn’t have rejected it without consulting others.
即使你不喜歡這個(gè)建議，你也不應(yīng)該沒有同別人商量就把它否決了。
五、目的狀語從句
在英語中，連接目的狀語從句的連接詞常常有：that(為了，以便)，so that(為了，以便)，lest(以防)，in case(以防，以免)，for fear that(以防)in order that(為了)等等。
(一)一般翻譯在主句前面。
一般來說，這種表示“為了”的目的狀語從句通常放在主句前面翻譯。
We should start early so that we might get there before noon.
為了正午以前趕到那里，我們很早就動(dòng)身了。
(二)還可以翻譯在主句后面，表示“省(免)得”、“以免”、“以便”、“使得”、“生怕”等概念。
They hid themselves behind some bushed for fear that the enemy should find them.
他們躲在樹叢后面，以防被敵人發(fā)現(xiàn)。
六、結(jié)果狀語從句
(一)英語中，連接結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞常常有：so that, so...that, such...that, to such a degree等等，通常可以翻譯為“結(jié)果，如此...以致于...”，可以直接翻譯。
He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.
他做了錯(cuò)誤的決定，結(jié)果浪費(fèi)了自己半生的時(shí)間。
(二)有時(shí)候，如果在主句中含有“never, never so, not so, not such”等否定詞，“but that和but what”也可以連接結(jié)果狀語從句，構(gòu)成雙重否定。翻譯的時(shí)候，可以翻譯為“沒有...不”。
She is not so old but that she can read.
他并沒有老到不能讀書。
She came in when I was having supper.
我正在吃飯的時(shí)候，她進(jìn)來了。
He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.
為了不驚醒她，他輕輕推開房門，悄悄地溜了出去。
狀語從句
用來修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞，副詞和形容詞的從句叫狀語從句。根據(jù)其含義狀語從句可分為時(shí)間狀語從句，地點(diǎn)狀語從句，條件狀語從句， 原因狀語從句，結(jié)果狀語從句，比較狀語從句，目的狀語從句，讓步狀語從句。
1. 時(shí)間狀語從句
(1)時(shí)間狀語從句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等連詞來引導(dǎo)。例如：
It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.
While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.
As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.
He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.
After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.
(2)在時(shí)間狀語從句里，通常不用將來時(shí)態(tài)，用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如：
I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.
I will tell him everything whenhe comes back.
He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.
(3)在帶有till或until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含義是“一直到……時(shí)”，謂語動(dòng)詞只能用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如果主句用否定式，其含義是“直到……才……”, “在……以前不……”, 謂語動(dòng)詞可用瞬間動(dòng)詞。例如：
The young man read till the light went out.
Let’s wait until the rain stops.
We won’t start until Bob comes.
Don’t get off until the bus stops.
2. 條件狀語從句
(1)條件狀語從句通常由if, unless引導(dǎo)。例如：
What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?
Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to.
(2)在條件狀語從句里，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如：
I’ll help you with your English if am free tomorrow.
He won’t be late unless he is ill.
(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陳述句” 在意思上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)帶有條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句。例如：
Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.
Study hard and you will pass the exam.
=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
3. 原因狀語從句
(1)原因狀語從句通常由because, since, as引導(dǎo)。例如：
He didn’t come to school because he was ill.
As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.
Since you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.
(2)because表示直接原因，語氣最強(qiáng)。Because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句多放在主句之后�；卮鹩蓋hy提出的問題，只能用because。As和since語氣較弱，一般用來表示明顯的原因。由as和since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從居多放在句首。例如：
Why aren’t going there?
Because I don’t want to.
As he has no car, he can’t get there easily.
Since we have no money, we can’t buy it.
(3)because和so不能同用在一個(gè)句子里。
4. 結(jié)果狀語從句
(1)結(jié)果狀語從句由so…that, such…that, so that引導(dǎo)。例如：
He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son.
She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.
My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn’t see it.
(2)so…that語such...that可以互換。例如：
在由so...that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句中，so是副詞，與形容詞連用。其結(jié)構(gòu)是: “...so + 形容詞(副詞)+ that + 從句”。例如：
He was so glad that he couldn’t say a word.
The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.
Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.
在由such…that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句中，such是形容詞，它修飾的可以是單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，也可以是不可數(shù)名詞;名詞前面可以帶形容詞，也可不帶。如果是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，前面需加不定冠詞a或an。例如：
It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.
He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.
He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.
有時(shí)上述兩種結(jié)構(gòu)是可以互換的。例如：
It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.
=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.
It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.
=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.
(3)如果名詞前由many, much, little, few等詞修飾時(shí)，只能用so, 不用such。例如：
Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.
He has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema with you.
5 目的狀語從句
(1)目的狀語從句通常由 so that, in order that引導(dǎo)。例如：
We started early so that we could catch the first train.
He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.
We usedthe computer in order that we might save time.
(2)so that既可引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，又可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。區(qū)別這兩種從句的辦法有兩個(gè)：1)目的狀語從句里往往帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can, could, may, might等。2)從意思上看，目的狀語從句往往表示的目的很明確。例如：
Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的狀語從句)
Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (結(jié)果狀語從句)
6. 讓步狀語從句
(1)讓步狀語從句通常由although, though等連詞引導(dǎo)。例如：
Though he is young, he knows a lot.
Although I am tired, I must go on working.
(2)although(though)不能用在同一個(gè)句子中。例如：
我們不能說：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.
應(yīng)該說：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.
7. 地點(diǎn)狀語從句
地點(diǎn)狀語從句常常由where來引導(dǎo)。例如：
Go where you like.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
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